Knowing how much you can afford to borrow is an important piece of information during the home shopping process. The size of mortgage you can afford depends on factors such as interest rates, your current income and monthly debt payments.
A mortgage is a sum of money borrowed from a bank, building society or other lenders in order to buy a property. The mortgage is then repaid over time, together with added interest. There are many different types of home loans – including fixed, discounted and even offset mortgages – which is why an apparently cheap mortgage deal may not always be best for your needs. Take a look at our guide to finding a cheap mortgage deal.
The mortgage lender that funds your loan is called the originator. A loan originator may be a bank, credit union, or other type of financial institution. On the date of funding, the money flows out of the originator's hands and into yours. You then turn that money over to the seller of the home.
Once the loan is funded, the originator has the option of keeping that loan in its portfolio or selling it on the secondary market. If the originator keeps the loan, it makes money by way of the interest you pay each month. If the loan is sold, the originator replenishes its funds and can make more loans to other homebuyers. Basically, the secondary market investors keep funds circulating so that loan originators don't run out of money for new mortgages.
Here's how the secondary market affects you as a would-be homebuyer. Investors want to earn the best return possible. That level of return is determined by the current and anticipated condition of the economy. When the economy is on an upswing, future yields are expected to be better than current yields. Investors, therefore, will hold off buying until higher yields materialize. This drives mortgage interest rates up, because lenders cannot sell their loans at lower yields.
Conversely, when the economy is in a downturn, investors buy up what's available to avoid being stuck with lower yields later. This drives mortgage rates down, as investors are clamoring to buy before yields get too low.
Today's secondary market investors include government-chartered companies like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, plus insurance companies, pension funds, and securities dealers. Although Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are different organizations, they participate in similar activities. Both can buy mortgages, and both can group mortgages together for resale in what's called mortgage-backed securities. These are highly liquid investments, meaning that they can be readily bought and sold.